Dwarfism Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Dwarfism Although people are different in many ways, few differences are more obvious than dwarfism. Because dwarfism is relatively rare, not many worry about unprejudiced treatment of dwarfs.But dwarfs deal with the same issues as â€Å"normal† people, while also trying to overcome the problems posed by their abnormally small height. The novel Stones from the River makes us aware of these problems and raises questions:What is dwarfism?And how do dwarfs feel about their conditions? And how does people’s treatment of dwarfs affect their outlook on society in general? â€Å"Dwarfism† is a term used to describe the condition of those whose bodies are significantly smaller than the average person’s.A dwarf may suffer from medical problems, which can lead to many deformities and complications throughout life.The deformities of some dwarfs, according to the Little People’s Research Fund website, can lead to extensive disabilities, paralysis, and even death.Over one and a half million people in the United States suffer from some condition of dwarfism (Billy Barty).What many do not know, however, is that most dwarfs are born to families that have no history of dwarfism in their families. There are many different types of dwarfism that researchers have confirmed today, but there still are many genes for dwarfism that remain unidentified.The most common of these known causes is achondroplasia, a bone growth disorder.The Little People Online website states that most dwarfs who suffer from achondroplasia are born to â€Å"average-size† parents, and that their birth rate is somewhere between onein26,000-40,000www.lpaonline.org).The main characteristics of this form of dwarfism are normal trunk size with short appendages, irregularly large heads wi... ...e dealing with her own emotional turmoil over accepting herself for who she is.Trudi, like other dwarfs of the past and present, is forced to accept who she is. Works Cited The Billy Barty Foundation.Online.Internet.10 Oct. 2000.Available:http://www.lprf.org/dwarfism.html DrKoop.com.Online.Internet.Medical Encyclopedia.9 Oct. 2000.Available: http://www.drkoop.com/conditions/ency/article/001247.htm Hegi, Ursula.Stones from the River.New York:Simon & Schuster, 1994. The Human Genome Project.Online.Internet.Personal Experiences.10 Oct. 2000. Available:http://mcet.edu/genome/issuesandethics/personal/dwarfism.html Little People of America, Inc..Online.Internet.10 Oct. 2000.Available: http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_dwarftypes.html Little People’s Research Fund, Inc.Online.Internet.10 Oct. 2000.Available: http://www.lprf.org/dwarfism.html

14 Points Woodrow Wilson

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points On January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson gave a proposal to Congress which outlined the post World War I peace treaty later negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference, and in the Treaty of Versailles. The fourteen points were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both home & also among allies in Europe. The president hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the populations in enemy nations and generates momentum for ending the war. When comparing Avalon Project ( primary) & History World (secondary) documents for Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, I found that the primary document is the actually proposal. There is nothing creative about it. It is just what Wilson stated. When reading the primary I had no understanding of what was being presented to both houses of Congress. In Wilson perspective it was for the Congress, to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace. As, I read the secondary source document, I fully understood the proposal. The writer generated this version for the people. He shortened and paraphrased it but, I was able to understand the document. Indeed the Avalon Project (primary) version was more information then what was needed because he was presenting it to Congress so it had to be in a certain form & most important professionally presented. That document is more of the original. So it is supposed to be more into details. With the History World (secondary) version the information w

Definition and Examples of Echo Words in English

In linguistics and composition, the term echo word has more than one meaning: An echo word is a word or phrase (such as buzz and cock a doodle doo) that imitates the sound associated with the object or action it refers to: an onomatope. Also called an echoic word.  An echo word is a word or phrase (such as shilly shally and click and clack) that contains two identical or very similar parts: a reduplicative.An echo word is a word or phrase that recurs in a sentence or paragraph. Examples and Observations Sound alone is the basis of a limited number of words, called echoic or onomatopoeic, like bang, burp, splash, tinkle, bobwhite, and cuckoo. Words that are actually imitative of sound, like meow, bowwow, and vroom--though these differ from language to language--can be distinguished from those like bump and flick, which are called symbolic. Symbolic words regularly come in sets that rhyme (bump, lump, clump, hump) or alliterate (flick, flash, flip, flop) and derive their symbolic meaning at least in part from other members of their sound-alike sets. Both imitative and symbolic words frequently show doubling, sometimes with slight variation, as in bowwow, choo-choo, and peewee.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) Repetitions help to echo keywords, to emphasize important ideas or main points, to unify sentences, or to develop  coherence  among sentences. Skillful repetitions of important words or phrases create echoes in the readers mind: they emphasize and point out key ideas. You can use these  echo words  in different sentences--even in different paragraphs--to help hook your ideas together...[E]cho words may  come  any place in the sentence: with the subjects or the verbs, with the objects or the complements, with prepositions or other  parts of speech. You need not always repeat the word exactly; think of other forms the word may take, such as  freak, freakiness, freakishness  (nouns),  freaking  (participle),  freaky  and  freakish  (adjectives), and  freakishly  and  freakily  (adverbs). (Ann Longknife and K. D. Sullivan,  The Art of Styling Sentences, 4th ed. Barrons, 2002) Echo-Pairs   Echo-words are  crucially different from straight reduplicated words in that they have rules sensitive to the reduplicated configuration, detaching melodic elements from the affixal skeleton and replacing them with an invariant onset (McCarthy and Prince 1986, 86). This accounts for the ban on auto-reduplication of echo-words themselves.  Yiddishized English shm-initial words undergoing echo-pairing (such as shmaltz) have to be echo-paired with something else (usuall shp-: shpaltz) or else with nothing (no echo-pair can be formed), but certainly not with a direct repeat (**shmaltz-shmaltz is disallowed). ( Mark R. V. Southern,  Contagious Couplings: Transmission of Expressives in Yiddish Echo Phrases. Praeger, 2005)

Media s Growing Sexualization Of Women - 1402 Words

If you turn on the television or flip through a fashion magazine, it is very likely you will presented with many displays of hypersexualization of girls and women in advertising images and in media. There are many components to sexualization. It occurs, according to the American Psychological Association, when â€Å"a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of other characteristics.† This person is held to a standard that equates physical attractiveness with being sexy. â€Å"Sexualization† happens when a person is sexually objectified- that is, made into a thing for others’ sexual use, rather than being seen as a person with their own independent actions and abilities to make decisions. Oftentimes, sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon a person without their knowing it or consent. Sometimes, researchers use the word â€Å"hypersexualization† to describe roughly the same idea. In the article, â⠂¬Å"Media’s Growing Sexualization of Women†, hypersexualization is defined as, â€Å"The act of making something extremely sexual and erotic.† The hypersexualization of females is fairly prevalent across different cultures. The media seems to be bombarded by it; magazines are plastered with risque images of barely clothed woman and even young girls. In 2011, a French issue of Vogue featured females as young as ten years-old as models, â€Å"Stretched and slinked on an array of animal furs.† Their clothing was low cut and revealing. This prompted the FrenchShow MoreRelatedMedia s Representation Of Women1197 Words   |  5 PagesMedia’s Representation of Women; Lies and Disguise Media influence causes 69 percent of girls, in one study, to state that magazine models impact their idea of the perfect body shape. This drastic affect on a young person s life creates a reality that women need to alter the way they look to be ‘perfect.’ Media also portrays women as helpless beings, needing a man by their side to complete easy tasks in which they can do on their own. There is also the aspect of strong women being sexy, and not theRead MoreThe Sexualization of Women Today1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe TV and Film Industry’s Portrayal of Women has drastically affected many of their lives, much too often women compare themselves to the female images they see on television, film, and advertisings; at both the conscious and subconscious level, these media images of women lower self-esteem and affect behavior at every age and stage of life. We know they are unrealistic, yet they apply so much pressure on women to conform, and influence how we live, lov e, work and play. This gender role that societyRead MoreThe Sexualization Of Girls Who Do We Blame2112 Words   |  9 Pages Sexualization of Girls Who Do We Blame Who is to blame for how young girls are being portrayed on television and in music videos? Has it come to society putting more emphasis on money instead of protecting girls from being exploited in today’s new culture? This seems to be a growing problem across the United States that has caused some concern as to how it is affecting girl’s psychological well-being as well as their health. (Hatch, L., 2011) Girls are no longer interested in playing with dollsRead MoreHow Has Sexualization Affected Family? Essay3105 Words   |  13 Pagespredominantly contributed to this, but just as very well been negatively affected by this as well. Developing from past generations of media tabloids, advertising and twisting the cultural views on sex taboo and symbols, have led to distortion of male and female sexuality. This Literary Review will cover the question; how has sexualization affected family? Sexualization refers to the development of sexual thought associating with a sexu al expression (Collins English Dictionary, 2013). Faced with a preconceivedRead MoreLeda And The Swan Poem Analysis1260 Words   |  6 Pagesschemed phrasings and rhythmic lines piece together enchanting brief stories about the past, present, and future. Enlightening the audience of the mystical tales about Greek gods and goddesses that depict the cynical dehumanization and assault of women, and as well as the scenic mountains of Vermont, where an incident and the death of a young man is symbolic to the constant warfare that the soldiers endure daily. Likewise, allusion in the poems â€Å"Leda and the Swanâ€Å" by W. B. Yeats, â€Å"Out, Out---† byRead MoreSexism Within Advertising : A New Era Of Social Justice1397 Words   |  6 Pagesadvertising. Sexism is obviously apparent in advertising due to the fact that it solidifies toxic gender roles, introduces women as objects that can merely be bought, and sexualizes normal woman processes. Gender stereotyping may be one of the most common forms of sexism in advertising. These stereotypes can be broken down into three categories: the stereotype that portrays women as house workers, the stereotype that shows the inability for a woman to be anything without a man, and the stereotype thatRead MoreThe Differences Between Men And Women1837 Words   |  8 Pages The difference of men and women are usually defined by the organs they develop, and the ways in which those are used. Upon opening most magazines, a warm greeting from a woman’s slim, photoshopped body or an oddly attractive man with a six pack will be offered. Many advertising agents would apply various techniques to get customers involved with their product and one of the most common ones is using sexual content in the advertising. It has been proven that media that involves sexual content gainsRead MoreUnrealistic Expectations: Gender Roles Effects of Society1414 Words   |  6 PagesExpectations: Gender Roles Effects of Society â€Å"My dear boy, no woman is a genius. Women are a decorative sex. They never have anything to say, but they say it charmingly. Women represent the triumph of matter over mind, just as men represent the triumph of mind over morals.† In 1890, when Oscar Wilde wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray, the attitude towards women was nowhere close to positive. Men did not look at women with much respect and only thought of them as domestic trophy wife. According to OscarRead MoreSexuality And The American Psychological Association1921 Words   |  8 Pagesthey shamed and sexualized. Hyper-sexualization is defined by the American Psychological Association as â€Å"occurring when a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior to the exclusion of other characteristics† (Jones). By this definition all qualities of a person is negated by their sex appeal. Then how can people hypersexualize children and youth? Aren’t they innately innocent? In recent years, the amount of women being sexualized in the media has dramatically increased in frequency;Read MoreThe Importance Of Equal Pay, Rights And Opportunity For Women Involved With Sports1629 Words   |  7 Pagespay, rights and opportunity for women involved with sports. This topic was selected because this is evident based on the staggering numbers of women performing and displaying either equal or more in terms of success, achievement or work load and still are behind when comparing salaries between men and women. Hopefully, this podcast will shine some light on this subject and bring awareness. Based on prior research conducted the numbers are comparing the USA women s soccer. It is safe to say these

Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome A Disease That Can Cause...

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a disease that can cause life-threatening brain damage and mental health issues. The primary cause for the disease is a deficiency of vitamin B1. Most sufferers who contract and recover from the syndrome suffer permanent brain damage. Alcoholism is the predominate – but no only - catalyst for the sickness. Physicians identify most Wernicke-Korsakoff during alcoholism treatment. The disease’s 20 percent mortality rate poses a serious health threat. To date, there is no plausible vaccine for the illness. Wernicke encephalopathy, a disease that alters brain structure, and Korsakoff syndrome, a memory loss disease, are two conditions that frequently afflict victims together. The sickness occurs in individual who lack vitamin B1 most often due to alcoholism but also because of malnourishment. The condition can also occur in individuals with illnesses or after weight reduction surgery. Researchers are unsure of how Werncike encephalopathy damages the brain, but do know that the syndrome targets the thalamus and hypothalamus brain sections. Korsakoff psychosis typically afflicts individuals once Wernicke encephalopathy subsides, where psychosis takes root once Wernicke encephalopathy permanently damages suffers’ memories. Individuals who contract Wernicke encephalopathy can suffer several mental symptoms, or show no effects at all. Other individuals may hold lucid conversations, then suddenly forget the entire dialogue. The most severe cases resultShow MoreRelated Addiction to Drugs and Alcohol Essay examples2057 Words   |  9 Pagesmany affects that drugs and alcohol can have on the body, and on the life of a person. Thousands of jobs, homes, and families are lost annually through the addictions of drugs and alcohol. Children grow up without parents, spouses are forced to raise their children as single parents, and grandparents become legal guardians for a second time, due to the effects of substance abuse and dependence. Exactly how addiction is defined and diagnosed is an on-going issue and one that will be discussed in thisRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pages------------------------------------------------ 1. Health care for homeless, why is it so costly? They typically have to stay in the hospital for a longer amount of time because they have a lot more co-morbidities that need to be treated. Being brought to the ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections,

Many people throughout history have risen to power Essay Example For Students

Many people throughout history have risen to power Essay and made their presence known to their people. Some have led their people to greatness, and others have led their people to ruthless dictatorship. They have their choice to use their power and persuasion for good or bad. Any person that exercises power, as in control or domination is an important and influential person, and can be held accountable for all the good and bad that has come of their world. The world, filled with many people of power, has some contemporaries that stand out such as Korn. When Korn came out with their third album, they wanted it to set a standard; Thats why we called this record Follow the Leader (Gill p36). Korn used Follow the Leader to show other bands that they are on top and that they have the power. With a name like that, many bands did follow their leader. Jonathan Davis stated, This one is gonna set the standards (Secher p46). Korn wants to set a standard for all of the young bands to try and reach.Many bands follow in Korns footsteps but cannot reach that standard. When making this album, Korn Decided to use many different methods. Instead of sticking with the tried-and-true formula that got them where they were, they decided to make several significant changes in an effort to propel themselves to the next level (Gill p35). Korn maybe on top of their industry, but still want to achieve a higher level. Korn always looks for a way to gain more p ower by doing what they love. They do what they love and has come out on top as more powerful than any other name in their music industry. Many of the worlds people of power are now deceased. One of those great historical powers was Jesus Christ. In the beginning Jesus was known to be great; He will be great and will be called the Son of the Highest (Luke 1:32). Jesus, the Son of God, finds his place among the heavens. Because of his birthright, Jesus has a great power. Many thought Jesus to be the Messiah and the world through Him might be saved (John 3:17). After some time people knew that this is indeed the Christ, the Savior of the world (John 4:42). All of Gods children know that Jesus will save them all. He is the Son of God and the Savior of all mankind. Jesus was sent to earth by the Father to save all men from their sins. Now today some will state, There was no such person in the history of the World as Jesus Christ (Simon p70). Many people of the world believe and follow Christ. They believe he is the greatest power and that this power will never be touched. It has been said that many people have been a great power in this world, but none quite like the son of our Father, Jesus Christ. Many writers have written of a fictitious power; one that comes to mind is the pigs of George Orwells Animal Farm. After the animals take over the farm, the pigs begin their abuse of power by saying, Milk and apples (this has been proven by Science comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig. We pigs are brainworkers (Orwell p42). Here the pigs begin to dictate the events of the farm. In a sense they have moved their chess piece a little closer to check mate. Napoleon, the head of the pigs, started to single himself out from the other animals; It was also more suited to the dignity of the Leader (for of late he had taken to speaking of Napoleon under the title of Leader) to live in a house than in a mere sty (Orwell p69). Napoleon thought of himself as better than all of the others. He thought that he was smarter and more privileged than the rest. In the end, a sign hung that read, All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others (Orw ell p123). Finally, the pigs made themselves better than the other animals by using propaganda to lure the animals into a trap and catch them. The pigs showed they are smart enough to abuse their power of intelligence and come out on top of the Animal Farm. .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea , .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .postImageUrl , .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea , .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:hover , .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:visited , .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:active { border:0!important; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:active , .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube79244e53bc8bdd6dbba82e86f46bea:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ocean Side Tranquilty EssaySome leaders chose to abuse and use their power to hurt or help their people. The three power discussed have distinct qualities about them that make them unique from each other. All leader and people of power are extraordinary but some use their power for the welfare of society, and their people realize what they do is for the good of the people.

Survivor Siblings free essay sample

One of the most important hopes of any parent is to raise a happy and healthy child, and watch that child grow up and become an adult. What if one of those children had a disease that would one day claim his or her life? What if there was an option that could save your child’s life? To what lengths will parents go to save the life of a terminally ill child? A savior sibling is a child selected as a result of genetic screening to have some innate characteristics that will help save the life of an existing brother or sister (Saviour sibling). In 1990, Abe and Mary Ayala became the first successful publicized case in which a family sought to conceive a child (Marissa) to save another child (Anissa). Anissa was battling leukemia when her parents decided to conceive another child that was an exact bone marrow match. They gave birth to a healthy baby girl they named Marissa who at 14 months of age donated bone marrow that saved her sister’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Survivor Siblings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis or PGD tests a woman’s embryos outside of her body for genetic sequence that are linked to a variety of conditions. PGD was developed for couples at risk for passing on a serious genetic mutation. Since 1999 it has been most widely used to prevent the birth of children with conditions such as Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, Huntington’s chorea, and Cooley’s anemia. However, PGD is increasingly being used for other reasons. These include social sex selection, creating â€Å"savior siblings† who can provide bone marrow and other transplant tissues to sick older siblings, and selecting against embryos with genes correlated with late-onset and non-fatal conditions. Some clinics have even offered the technique for purely cosmetic traits including eye color, hair color, and skin complexion (geneticsandsociety. org). It also contributes to concerns over the creation of what are critically called designer babies, though the latter is a broad term for children created to any sort of parental specifications or for purely cosmetic traits such as eye color, hair color and skin complexion. Savior siblings are specifically created to help an existing child (worldwidewords. org). Savior siblings are often conceived to serve as a bone marrow and umbilical cord blood stem cell donor for an ill older sibling. PGD is preformed early to ensure that the embryo is an identical Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) match. Additionally, the embryo is screened for traits of the same inherited condition. About 70% or 7 out of 10 individuals who need a transplant do not have a suitable donor in their immediate family. A sibling with an exact HLA match is important because it increases the likelihood of a successful transplant (bethematch. org). A major advantage of umbilical cord blood is that HLA-matching is less critical, because the lymphocytes in the cord blood are less immunologically reactive than those of older donors (American Academy of Pediatrics). When the siblings are HLA-identical there is less of a chance of Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) when using umbilical cord blood. Savior siblings may be a solution for any disease that is treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It is effective in treating conditions such as Fanconi anemia, Dimond-Blackfin anemia, and thalassemia in an ill sibling. This procedure may also be useful in treating children leukemia. Upon birth the umbilical cord blood is collected and stored. The number of umbilical cord stem cells that can be obtained may not be adequate, and decisions need to be made about collecting additional hematopoietic stem cells from the donating child at a later date (American Academy of Pediatrics). As in the case of Marissa Ayala, her cord blood was stored for more than a year when additional stem cells were collected from her by needle aspiration from her bone marrow. This was done to ensure an adequate number of cells to transplant to her sister Anissa. Sibling donors may receive G-CSF which stimulates their bone marrow to create more stem cells, to make sure that there is an adequate number of cells for transplant. The recipient is put through treatment that destroys his or her bone marrow cells, and the stem cells from the umbilical cord blood and bone marrow are transplanted. There are specific conditions under which a child is able to participate as a hematopoietic stem cell donor. There are five criteria that must be fulfilled for a child to be a donor. The criteria are: (1) there is no healthy suitable adult relative that qualifies to be a donor; (2) there is a strong positive relationship between the donor and the recipient; (3) there is a likelihood that the recipient will benefit from the transplant; (4) the clinical, emotional, and psychosocial risks of the donor are minimized; (5) parental permission and the assent of the donating child are obtained. For the first criteria the family is urged to screen adult family member as well as children in the initial screening. In a case where there is more than one sibling that is a match the sibling that is closest to consenting age should be asked about donating. In the second criteria, a strong positive personal relationship between donor and recipient increases the likelihood that the donor will experience a psychosocial benefit. In the third criteria, it is hard to predict the success of the transplant. It depends on the procurement of the donor stem cells and the prognosis of the recipient. In the fourth criteria, it is up to the physician and transplant staff to ensure that the parents consider the risks and benefits to both the recipient and the donor. Donor children can be prepared by role play so that they understand their role and what is expected. Children should be allowed to ask questions about the procedure and allowed to take part in the decision making to the extent of their ability. In the last criteria parental permission and donor assent are obtained. It is also recommended that donors have a donor advocate whose purpose is to help the donor and the parents understand the process and procedures. The donor advocate also protects the well-being of the donor. What is the ethical consideration of using children as hematopoietic stem cell donors? The risks to the minors who serve as stem cell donors can be characterized as more than minimal (American Academy of Pediatrics). The most common risk is that of the anesthesia before any procedure. Some of the short-term effects associated with bone marrow donation are fatigue, pain at the donation site, lower back pain, headaches, trouble walking, sleeping issues and less common bleeding issues. In rare cases the donor may experience chronic pain at the donation site. Others may question the psychosocial effects on the donor child. Some data show that many children experience some distress related to their role as donor. Some children may feel neglected by the parents post transplant when one or both parents spend a significant amount of time at the hospital, but these feelings also affect nondonor siblings. This feeling of neglect and loneliness is normal for those children who have an ill sibling who is the main focus of the parents. Nondonors, however, felt some envy toward donors who could contribute to the care of an ill sibling. Donor siblings may also experience some guilt if the transplant is unsuccessful. Children that are donating stem cells should be aware that the outcome of the procedure is out of their control. The family of both the donor and the recipient should be supportive and attentive to the needs of both children. There are other ethical concerns that are focused around the IVF procedure. This is where multiple embryos are fertilized and only one is selected for implantation. The embryos are screened for genetic defects, and they are also screened for an HLA match. Those embryos that are not a match are discarded or used for research. Some people believe that to destroy the embryos is cutting a life short that has already begun. Gene selection is a controversial subject due to the concept of â€Å"designer babies. † This is conceiving a child merely for superior genetic characteristics. There is also controversy about the way these babies are conceived. It is argued that the procedure ends human lives, by discarding fertilized embryos. Savior siblings save the life of an older sibling. Children that are conceived to save siblings are not only loved for their role in saving their sibling’s life, but also as another member of the family. There is a dream that every parent has to see his or her children grow up to be healthy and happy adults. For some families, this is not a possibility when their child is terminally ill. Now, with new technology it is possible to save the life of that child and have another child to love.