Energy, Metabolism and Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vitality, Metabolism and Cells - Essay Example Moreover, there are four different ways by which chemical action is managed by the cell. Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration Photosynthesis and oxygen consuming breath are two intracellular procedures that work connected at the hip so as to achieve the compound change of daylight into usable vitality, as ATP (â€Å"Photosynthesis and Respiration,† 1999). Fundamentally, photosynthesis is the procedure through which plants convert daylight to glucose, with the compound condition: 6H2O + 6CO2 ? C6H12O6 + 6O2. ATP for use by the plant itself is likewise created by the light responses of photosynthesis (Carter, 1996). Nonetheless, since the primary result of the photosynthetic procedure †glucose or sugar, C6H12O6 †needs further transformation into a structure thought about usable by the plant and creature body, this change is made conceivable by the procedure that supplements photosynthesis: high-impact breath (Farabee, 2007). Through high-impact breath, ATP is deliver ed from glucose. The compound condition for vigorous breath is C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP (Burkett, 2005). This implies simultaneously, 36 units of ATP or vitality is delivered. To put it plainly, plants produce glucose through photosynthesis, and this glucose is devoured and used by the plant and creature to deliver ATP through oxygen consuming breath. Photosynthesis itself is a mind boggling process comprised of the light and dim responses. The Light Dependent Process, or Light Reactions, utilizes the immediate vitality of daylight to deliver vitality transporter atoms †ATP and NADPH †required in the subsequent procedure, the Light Independent Process, or Dark Reactions, where glucose, or C6H12O6, are created (Farabee, 2007). The Light Reactions in the thylakoid film of the chloroplasts, the expect daylight to strike the chlorophyll and carotene atoms in the leaves of plants so as to trigger a progression of responses that will in the end produce ATP and NADPH (Farabee, 2007). In the Light Reactions, the hydrogen molecules of water, H2O, are additionally expelled for use in lessening NADP+ to NADPH (Kimball, â€Å"The Thylakoid,† 2011). In the resulting Dark Reactions or Calvin Cycle, which happen in the stroma, carbon dioxide is caught and joins with RuBP, a 5-carbon synthetic, to at long last produce a 6-carbon glucose, C6H12O6 (Farabee, 2007). Presently, all together for this glucose to be usable, it must be devoured by the plant itself or the creature however it should initially be utilized to deliver ATP through vigorous breath. High-impact breath is a three-phase process where ATP is delivered during each stage. Glycolysis, the first of the three phases, happens in the cytoplasm and includes a 10-advance procedure that winds up with the breakdown of glucose, C6H12O6, into two pyruvic corrosive particles, C3H4O3, and in the process delivers a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (Gregory, 2011). Every one of the two pyruvic corrosive parti cles presently goes to the grid of the mitochondrion for a middle procedure known as pyruvate oxidation or oxidative phosphorylation, and produces CO2 and an acetyl gathering. The acetyl bunch at that point joins with CoA to frame Acetyl CoA, and delivering 2 NADH all the while. Truth be told, there are really two Acetyl CoA atoms toward the start of the following stage, the Krebs Cycle, so there are two Krebs Cycles from one Glycolysis process (Burkett, 2005). The Krebs Cycle, which happens in the framework of the

Could the US have won the Revolutionary war without foreign Essay

Could the US have won the Revolutionary war without remote intercession - Essay Example The Americans required help as a result of the strategic challenges of an extended war, thus France and Netherlands offered basic help that hurried the triumph of the previous. Weigley, in his book The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy, clarifies the critical conditions of General George Washington and he focuses on that â€Å"military poverty† molded Washington’s generalship.3 When the British showed up via ocean in New York before the strike of Trenton, General William Howe had 31,625 fighters from all positions, where 24,464 were well-prepared and prepared for battle.4 Aside from these soldiers, Howe likewise had ten boats, twenty frigates, several vehicle, and 10, 000 seamen.5 To protect New York, General Washington just had 19,000 individuals, with around 9,000 having military order and training.6 furthermore, the Americans had no maritime powers and constrained land transports. In spite of the fact that Washington scored with the end of the Hessian army at Trenton, all through the whole Revolutionary War time frame, he lastingly confronted the issue of the predetermined number of fighters, assets, and cash. The Revolutionary confederation and the debilitating agrarian area couldn't gracefully enough for these necessities of the war. David McCullough harps in 1776 on the job of the money related sponsorship from France and the Netherlands just as the help from the French armed force and navy.7 For him, they were offered basic assistance in hurrying America’s triumph rather than only trusting that Britain will abandon the war or to trust that other remote countries will understand that America’s freedom would bring about a more prominent parity of forces in Europe. On the off chance that the Revolutionary War had reached out because of the nonappearance of remote intercession, it would not have been unthinkable for Washington and his officers, just as the American individuals who upheld him, to keep up their techniques until Britain abandoned its American settlements. In the book A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861-1868, Rubin communicates the desire of the American individuals to help the war. She makes reference to letters coursing among the majority, who realized that the progressive powers should by one way or another give some influence enough to â€Å"overthrow† the British before outside countries would begin recognizing America as an autonomous country that they should bolster through cash or troops or both.8 The individuals, just as Washington and the officers, opposed turning into a province again, particularly when they understood that they could be at long last liberated from the injurious tax collection and other harsh arrangements of Britain.9 McCullough stresses, by and by, that â€Å"†¦it was Washington and the military that won the war for American Independence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 10 These students of history compre hended the relentlessness of the American armed force in constraining on through their guerilla strategies and assaulting Britain where it was at its most vulnerable, explicitly in land fights. Different researchers demanded that America couldn't have won the war without outside help. In â€Å"

Writing an Electoral College Pros and Cons Essay

Writing an Electoral College Pros and Cons EssayHave you been tasked with writing an electoral college pros and cons essay for a college election? If so, here are some tips that may help you.One of the most common questions asked when it comes to writing a college pros and cons essay is, 'What should I say?' In answer to this question, it's important to first understand that there are two possible answers to this question. One answer is generic, while the other answer is specific. The generic answer is that as long as your opinion or information is all-inclusive, your audience should be fine with your piece.However, if you want to have a specific effect on your audience, you'll want to write your electoral college pros and cons essay in a more specific manner. This means you won't be tempted to write solely about yourself and how great you are, and you'll be much more inclined to include people of different ethnicities, beliefs, ages, backgrounds, and nationalities.Specifics are, how ever, not the same as simple, straightforward language. If you want to be successful in writing this type of piece, you need to use precise, concise, and descriptive language. As a result, you should make sure that you are employing grammar and vocabulary words, and the structure of your thoughts as well.Specifics will help you create a rich world where your audience can enter. It will also help you avoid turning your readers off by getting too personal. For example, you may feel strongly that Bill Clinton is a terrible candidate, but you don't want to specifically tell your readers what they should think. As a result, you need to move away from creating a political reality as seen through the eyes of the reader.Instead, you need to turn the discussion to a more general political reality. By doing this, you can allow your readers to form their own opinions. The more thoughts they have, the more prepared they will be to discuss issues on the ballot.That's why it's so important to hav e a specific reality in mind. Once you have created this reality, you can proceed to the research for your political article. By not being forced to base your information on real-life information, you'll be able to craft a piece that is unique and is very difficult to get duplicated.Additionally, you'll be able to write well in relation to specific details. While it is possible to create a comprehensive, informative look at a topic, writing an electoral college pros and cons essay isn't always easy. However, once you know what you need to write about, you'll be able to write a great article without much effort.

Conceptual Model of Nursing - 596 Words

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALES CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF NURSING Wendy Davis GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY NRS 430V Melissa Britt May 4, 2016 FLORENCE NIGHTINGALES CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF NURSING Florence Nightingale conceptualized disease as a reparative process and described the nurse’s role as manipulating the environment to facilitate and encourage this process. Her directions regarding ventilation, warmth, light, diet cleanliness, variety and noise are discussed in her classic textbook (Notes on Nursing), first published in London in 1859 and in America in 1860. Brief Overview The environment is critical to health and the nurse’s role in caring for the sick is to provide a clean, quiet, peaceful environment to promote healing. Nightingale’s†¦show more content†¦Chapter 5: Theories and Frameworks for Professional Nursing Practice. Pages 72-73. Nightingale, F. Notes on Nursing. D. Appleton and company 1860 (First American Edition Published in: American Journal of Nursing 1914. Bolton, K (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application (4th ed.) Selanders, L.C. EdD,RN, FAAN. Florence Nightingale Today: Healing, Leadership, Global Action (MarchShow MoreRelatedMartha Rogers : Conceptual Nursing Model3136 Words   |  13 PagesBackground of the Model The quote above from Albert Schweitzer, embodies the principles of Martha Rogers (1914-1994) conceptual nursing model: the Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB). Put simply, just like a wave within the ocean, as humans, we are all interconnected with and interdependent upon each other and our environment through constantly evolving fields of energy. Rogers was a visionary before her time whose comprehensive thinking and advocacy helped push nursing from the pre-scientificRead MoreA Conceptual Definition Model For Advanced Practice Nursing907 Words   |  4 Pageswithin the advanced practice role. Hamric created a conceptual definition model for advanced practice nursing (APN) with defining characteristics that identify several core competencies, Guidance and coaching,Consultation,Evidence-based practice, Leadership, Collaboration,Ethical decision making.Hamric s (APN) core competencies are an umbrella for the additional role-specific and educational competencies for a nurse practitioner (NP) and nursing informatics (NI). The role of an NI is categorizedRead MoreThree Specific Ways, in Which the Nursing Conceptual Model of, Martha Rogers Can Be Used to Improve Nursing Practice.1074 Words   |  5 PagesThree Specific Ways, In Which the Nursing Conceptual Model of, Martha Rogers can be used to Improve Nursing Practice. Lilian Iberosi Grand Canyon University Three Specific Ways, in which the Nursing Conceptual Model of, Martha Rogers can be used to Improve Nursing. Martha E. Rogers’ nursing theory of â€Å"Science of Unitary Human Being† consists of eight concepts namely: energy field, openness, pattern, pan-dimensionality, homeodynamic principles, resonance, helicy, and integrality. UnderstandingRead MoreThe Elements Of Nursing Research1431 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: THEORY AND CONCEPTUAL MODEL Understanding Differences between Theory and Conceptual Model Hyo (Jessica) Choi The University of Texas at Arlington NURS 5327 Professor: Ms. Kathy Speer, PhD, RN, RPCNP Date: 01/20/2017 The Elements of Nursing Research Nurses have been used research for various purposes, however, mainly to promote better patient outcomes. Nurses also use research to shape policies and procedures not only within an organization but at the state and federalRead MoreNursing Informatics Theory Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesNursing informatics is a branch of nursing or area of specialty that concentrates on finding ways to improve data management and communication in nursing with the sole objective of improving efficiency, reduction of health costs, and enhancement of the quality of patient care (Murphy, 2010). It is also described as a growing area of nursing specialty that combines computer science, information technology, and nursing science in the management and processing of nursing information, data, and knowledgeRead MoreNursing Knowledge Based On The Level Of Abstraction Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesNursing knowledge is the result of incorporating what is known and understood through learning, research, exp erience, and theory. Knowledge depends on research and theory to provide a collective, structured, and current information. This information can be used to explore phenomena, answer questions, generate new theory, and solve problems. DNPs need to be familiar with the components and levels of abstraction in nursing knowledge. The way to comprehend this information is by using the structuralRead MoreA Basic Assessment of Hildegard Peplaus Theory Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesBy giving nurses a sense of identity, nursing theory can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize the unique contribution that nurses make to the healthcare service (Draper 1990).Hildegard Peplau, one of the role model of nursing theorist, established a theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing. Her reason is the goal of the nurse-client relationship is to give a quality nursing care moving forward to health promotion and maintenance. The purpose of this paperRead MoreHealth Promotion Model Of Nursing1353 Words   |  6 Pages Health Promotion Model Amy D. Kramer Point Loma Nazarene University â€Æ' Introduction Nursing theory is important to the profession of nursing as it provides guidance to practice and helps to broaden nursing knowledge. Although nursing theory can be traced back to Florence Nightingale’s pioneer work during and after the Crimean War, it was not until the twentieth century that theory development in the nursing profession became a major part of discussion and implementation (AlligoodRead MoreThe Theory Of Goal Attainment1481 Words   |  6 Pagescalled the Conceptual System, also created by King (Frey et al: 2002). To understand the more focused mid-range theory it is important to first quickly understand the conceptual system. The conceptual system was created using systems analysis and systems theory literature (Johnson and Webber, 2010). It was originally referred to as a conceptual framework, but King changed the terminology in 1997 to Conceptual System (Frey et al, 2002). The conceptual system focused on decision making in nursing. It isRead MoreHow to Investigate for Specific Research on Teachers Programs, An Outline958 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch questions. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: â€Å"A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme (PTP) on knowledge regarding management of selected obstetric emergencies among the final year GNM students of selected school of nursing, Belgaum, Karnataka† OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1) To assess the existing level of knowledge among Final year GNM students regarding obstetric emergencies by using structured knowledge questionnaire. 2) To evaluate the effectiveness of PTP on knowledge

Spirituality and Religion Essay - 1149 Words

In the early 1970’s, Betty Neuman created a holistically based, open-system theory to aid nurses in organizing the voluminous information needed to deal with complex client situations (Meleis, 2007, p.307). One component of the Neuman Systems Model is spirituality, which is described as being related to beliefs and influences that are spiritual. It should be noted that this was absent in her initial conceptualization and was developed later (Meleis, 2007, p.307). While utilizing the Neuman framework for client assessment, religion is often applied as a spiritual factor. Using this theory as basis one might conclude that religion and spirituality are synonymous in concept. This begs the question: Are they, in fact, equal in meaning†¦show more content†¦I believe that spirituality is an individualized and personal connection outside of our own sense of self. It is internally manifested through experience and belief and may be internally or externally triggered b y a need for peace within oneself. Religion might be described as organizational, structured and with a degree of expectation or preference outside of oneself. Rabbi Shalom (2011) describes religion as incorporating generations of learning and helping us to understand life. I believe that these generations of learning have assisted with my definition of religion as a science of tradition, traditions built with the goal of serving God. I disagree with the theory provided by Kenneth Pargament, Ph.D., who argues that the term spirituality describes the central function of religion (as cited by Testerman, 1997). I believe that the central function of organized religion is to show faith and find comfort by acting upon learned traditional means and fellowship. That said, I am also certain that a willingness to embrace spiritual moments facilitates the goal of religious practices – to empower oneself with a closeness to God. Based on these personal, still foggy concepts of spi rituality and religion I believe that to be wholly involved in my religion I must have the capacity and willingness to find my inner spirituality. I am not certain, however, that in order to be inwardly spiritual, one must be religious. Bringing this back to the NeumanShow MoreRelatedReligion, Religion And Spirituality1545 Words   |  7 PagesFor many people, religion and spirituality plays a huge part of their life. In other people, religion and spirituality is not a part of their life at all. In gothic literature, religion and spirituality are usually either very present in a work, or not present at all. In some cases, the lack of religion and spirituality affect the outcome of the story. In other cases, the character’s immense beliefs in religion and spirituality can also drastically affect the outcome of the story. In the movie, TheRead MoreSpirituality Reflection On Religion And Spirituality Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesSpirituality Reflection Religion and spirituality are two subjects that many are unable to make a differentiation between. Religion is an institutionalization created by man, while spirituality is an expression or belief that an individual is born with. I did not grow up in a religious household; however, my family has always had spirituality formed around love. I came to know God and his word at a very young age, but the Bible was never a topic that I could rationalize or understand as more thanRead MoreThe Issue Of Religion And Spirituality966 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will research the issue whether religion and spirituality can positively affect health. It will explain the differences between religion and spirituality and will research the religion importance in human life as religion or spirituality have a lifestyle for many individuals. Historically religion and spirituality have been seen primitive. People have believed to higher powers as sun, water, air etc. Around the world there are different religions such as Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, ChristianityRead MoreWhy Religion And Spirituality?1160 Words   |  5 PagesTheme One: Why religion and spirituality? The first theme that I have identified as significant in my spiritual journey is ‘Why religion and spirituality?’ To me this theme encompasses and seeks to illuminate the burning desire that human beings have to find answers to questions that give meaning to their life. The main premise of Mackay’s book is about the people’s desire for a life of meaning, be that with, or without the traditional institutionalized idea of God. In the first chapter Mackay discussesRead MoreThe Theory Of Religion And Spirituality1481 Words   |  6 PagesA Gallup poll indicated that religion is a â€Å"very important† part of the lives of approximately 67% of the American public, of whom 96% believe in God and 42% attend religious services regularly (Powell, Shahabi, Thoresen, 2003). People join religious institutions and follow spiritual paths for a variety of reasons, such as faith, prayer, social support, cultural traditions, commitment to the community, and more. T he role of religion in people’s lives is dramatic and research on the topic has mirroredRead MoreReligion And Spirituality And Its Influences903 Words   |  4 PagesReligion/Spirituality and its Influences Psychologists are professionals with a responsibility to provide the best care possible to the individuals that need their assistance. This is why it is mandatory to continue training and education, to remain current in the knowledge of treatment methods to ensure the optimal quality of services provided (Fisher, 2013). With that said, psychologists ponder whether religion and spirituality should be integrated into methods of therapy and if so, what typesRead MoreSpirituality, Religion And Schizophrenia Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesSpirituality, Religion and schizophrenia Often psychiatrist treat patients with schizophrenia disorders who are religious or have some form of spirituality. The focus of the psychiatric care has been shifted from treating mental illness to caring for people who manage their own mental illness. Therefore, it is necessary to include an emphasis on the spirituality and religiousness of those with chronic mental illness and the role that it plays in their care. Spirituality and religiousness has beenRead MoreWhat Is Spirituality Or Religion?1265 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is spirituality? And is it only related to religion? It is hard to answer these questions as there are a lot of definitions of spirituality and what is it related to. For some people, spirituality has no meaning outside the circle of the religion. On the other hand, some people say that spirituality can exist inside the religion and also outside the religion. People should stop relating spirituality to only religion. Instead, people should know the true meaning of spirituality outsideRead MoreSpirituality and Religion Essay2261 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction on Religion Religion is an important aspect on studies of early mental health practice. Religion is important to as many as 75% of the population, more profound and relevant with people over 65 years of age and older (Richards and Bergin, 1997). Religion plays a pivotal role on older adults, it becomes part of their identity and personality (Koenig, Siegler George, 1989). According to Koenig (1989), religion incorporates people’s rituals, beliefs, and practices pertaining to theRead MoreThe Existence Of Religion And Spirituality Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pageseventually morphed into the humans we are today, the world was also introduced to spirituality. Since the times humans first coexisted with others there was a form of belief and religion. The surprising fact is, religion and spirituality first took form in the shape and embodiment of a female. The Goddess was the first physical presentation of an otherworldly being and was in place for longer than we ve had our current religion. T he surviving art documents and ideological evolution in human consciousness:

Protein Steroid Management Of Patients With A Normal...

Pituitary Surgery Perioperative Steroid Management in Patients with a Normal Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis INTRODUCTION Surgery on the pituitary gland and around the sellar region is of special interest to the neurosurgeon. The approach to the gland has evolved over the past 50 years and so has the role of steroids in the perioperative management of these patients. Being one of the organs that play a key role in the hormonal balance of an individual, the neurosurgeon should be particularly careful that all steps must be taken to optimise the hormonal status and also ensure there is no disruption in that balance postoperatively. For more than half a decade the meticulous administration of steroid perioperatively has become common place. Today, however, the old philosophies are being challenged and new philosophies pioneered creating a paradigm shift in the way we manage patient requiring an operation around the sellar region, in particular pituitary surgery. CASE A 47 year old hypertensive male presented to the outpatient department at our institution with a history of headaches and worsening vision over a one year period. In particular he noticed that he had difficulty in seeing peripherally. His headaches were pounding in character and frontal in location. He had no other significant symptoms. On examination his vital signs were within normal limits. His Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 15 with no motor deficits. His visual acuity was 20/200 in both eyes and heShow MoreRelatedAdrenal Gland9709 Words   |  39 Pageswhile the medulla chiefly produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. Cortex The adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol. Some cells belong to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are the source of cortisol and corticosterone synthesis. Under normal unstressed conditions, the human adrenal glands produce the equivalent of 35–40  mg of cortisone acetate per day.[1] Other cortical cells produce androgens such as testosterone, while some regulateRead MoreAdrenal Crisis Of A Pediatric Patient : A Case Review Essay2362 Words   |  10 PagesTitle Page Adrenal crisis in a pediatric patient: A case review 400 W Mineral King Ave, Visalia, Ca 93291 Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kaweah Delta Health Care District Adrenal crisis in a pediatric patient: A case review 1) Why is this topic important? It is important to rapidly identify adrenal crisis to correct the underlying deficiency and treat the patient’s symptoms to prevent further deterioration. 2) What does this study attempt toRead MoreSquare Pharma Product Marketing5713 Words   |  23 Pagesobligations. * It owes to our shareholders and strive for protection of their capital as well as ensure highest return and growth of their assets. * It strives for best compensation to all the employees who constitute the back-bone of the management and operational strength of the Company through a pay-package composing salary/wages, allowances, bonus, profit participation, leave salary and superannuation amp; retirement benefits. * It strives for best co-operation of the creditors amp;

Animal Testing (964 words) Essay Example For Students

Animal Testing (964 words) Essay Animal TestingTraditionally, animals have been used to ensure the safety of our consumer products and drugs. Yet around the world, scientists, regulators and animal protectionists work together to develop alternatives to their use. The use of animals in the life sciences dates back to ancient Greece and the earliest medical experiments. To learn about swallowing, physicians cut open into the throat of a living pig. To study the beating heart, they cut open into its chest. For centuries physicians and researchers used animals to enhance their knowledge about how the various organs and systems of the body functioned, as well as to hone their surgical skills. As long as animals have been used in experiments, people have expressed concerns about such research. Questions about the morality, necessity, and scientific validity of animal experiments have arisen since those ancient physicians first began to study bodily functions. Alternatives are methods, which refine existing tests by minimizing animal distress, reduce the number of animals necessary for an experiment or replace whole animal use with vitro or other tests. While vivisection has received more attention and funding, clinical and epidemiological (studying the natural course of disease within human population) studies have had a much more profound impact on human health. In fact, clinical and epidemiological evidence linking smoking to lung cancer was established long before warnings of the dangers of smoking were released to the general public. Because animal experimentation failed to each the same conclusion, warning labels on cigarettes were delayed for years! During this time hundreds of people died from lung cancer because the results of animal experimentation were considered more valid than studies of human patients. Animal based research is the science of the past. There are a number of alternatives available to modern researchers, which a re less expensive, more reliable, and ethically sound. They provide results rapidly, experimental parameters are easily controlled, and their focus on the cellular and molecular levels of the life process provides more useful information about chemicals and drugs. High Productive Volume Tests, test a minimal amount of a product on an abundant amount of animals. Two hundred baby rats, just three weeks old are placed in wire bottomed stainless steel cages. Twice daily Monday thru Friday, laboratory workers pull the small mammals from their cages, force steel clamps into their mouths to hold their jaws apart and swab their teeth with an anti cavity dental chemical. After three weeks, the workers kill the baby rats by cutting off their teeth. The procedures are called ?Biological Tests for Tests Flouride Dentifrices? and :Determination of Animal Carries Reduction? puzzling terms to most of us. But the meaning is deadly to animals. The officials who order this test work for the U. S. government s FDA has made exceptions for manufacturers, including Toms of Maine, that wanted to market new toothpastes without any tests on animals. If some companies can manufacture safe, effective anti cavity toothpastes without using any animals, why cant all dental product companies stop killing animals?Philosopher Jeremy Bentham sounded the rallying cry for animals everywhere: ?The question is not, can they reason, nor can they talk, but can they suffer The Animal Welfare Act sets standards for the housing, handling, feeding, and transportation of experimental animals, but places no limitations whatsoever on the actual experimental conditions and procedures continue to challenge, whether human beings have the right to ?use? animals for any purpose. The HPV Program sounds so important, right? Wrong! Because no resulting action will be taken against the chemicals involved in this program. Instead of protecting the public from hazardous chemicals, the EPA will inform us of how quickly mice and rabbits died when force fed a chemical, or how many mouse pups were stillborn after their mother was force fed massive quantities of already known toxic chemicals. Every medical advancement has not been a result of animal testing. Results derived from animal experiments have had a very minimal effect on the dramatic rise of life expectancy can be attributed mainly to changes in lifestyles, environmental factors, and improvements in sanitation. Many medical schools in the U. S. do not use animals in the training of medical students. They include: NYU, University of Michigan, and SUNY Stonybrook. Actually, most of the medical schools which do use animals allow students the option of foregoing the animal labs. This is because they clearly ack nowledge that such labs are not necessary for the training of doctors. When a newly released drug hits the market, regardless of how many animal tests have been done, those individuals who first use it are ?human guinea pigs.? Animal tests are not good indicators of what will occur in humans. .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 , .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .postImageUrl , .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 , .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:hover , .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:visited , .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:active { border:0!important; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:active , .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1 .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueb43d7c627b5fa57cd50160e69345aa1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Contrast Between 2 Restaurants You Eaten In EssayIt has been due, in large part , to the tension between researchers who view laboratory animals as essential to their work and individuals who oppose animal tests that the modern alternatives movement has evolved. The movement began quietly, in 1959, with the publication of The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique by British researchers W. Russell and R. Burch. Russell and Burch advocated the ?three Rs? of replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the 1980s and 1990s, their philosophy has enabled researchers and animal welfare advocates to come together with a common goal: to find scientifically valid alternatives to animal tests. In conclusion, as proven by the Toms of Maine Co., and with the approval of the FDA, products can be marketed without the immoral practices of animal cruelty. As a form of life, animals acquire natural rights, one being the right to live, not to be exploited and exposed to pain. As best said by animal activist Jon Evans: ?To inflict cruelties on defenseless creatures, or condone such acts, is to abuse one of the cardinal tenets of a civilized society reverence for life.?

Death Penalty Is Inhumane Essays - , Term Papers

Death Penalty Is Inhumane December 12, 1984. Georgia. After the first jolt failed to kill Alpha Otis Stephens, he struggled for eight minutes before a second jolt finished the job. The first electrical charge took two minutes. Then there was a six minute pause so his body could cool down before physicians could examine him and declare that another jolt was needed. During that six minute interval, Stephens took 23 breaths. (Radelet,1998) Countless studies have shown that the murder rate per capita has not gone down since capital punishment was legalized in 1976, but it has actually gone up. We also need to consider the fact that it costs taxpayers less to give a prisoner a life sentence without parole than it does to keep them on death row. There is no doubt that the death penalty is an expensive, inhumane, and an ineffective deterrent to crime. In 1972, the Supreme court decides that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment according to the eighth amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The Furman v. Georgia decision stopped the death penalty in America. Capital punishment in America went on a four year break. In 1976 it made a comeback. Two of the same justices that were in the supreme court for the Furman decision were still in the court. The case was Gregg v. Georgia, and it turned the nation around. The court now held that the death penalty does not invariably violate the Constitution. They went back on their word from four years ago. They pointed out that even the first congress of the US had enacted legislation providing the death penalty for certain crimes. So they put the enforcement of the death penalty into the hands of the states. Currently there are 36 states that practice the death penalty. Twenty-seven states use lethal injection, twelve use the electric chair, seven use the gas chamber, four still use the classic noose-and-rope technique of hanging, and Utah still uses the firing squad (though only once). (Bedau, 1997) The people that aren't being executed are spending more time on death row each and every year. The average stay in 1983 was just over four years. that number has nearly tripled since then, with the average stay being 125 months. (Tushner, 1994) Many people seem to think that by killing a person we are saving the taxpayer's money. But in reality, holding a prisoner on death row is more expensive than holding them in prison without the possibility of parole. It costs up to three times the amount to keep a prisoner on death row than it would be to keep them in prison for the rest of their lives. Capital cases cost at least $2.6 million more per execution in some states. The most extensive study in the country found that the death penalty costs North Carolina $2 million per execution over the costs of a non-death penalty murder case with a sentence imprisonment for life. On a national basis, these figures come out to an extra cost of half a billion dollars since 1976 for having the death penalty. In Texas, a death penalty case costs an average of $2.3 million, about three times the cost of imprisoning someone in a single cell at the highest security level for 40 years. (Justice For All Network,1997) A lot of the expenses come from the long drawn out appeals process that we are giving our criminals, and the court appointed attorneys that they are receiving. Speaking of which, the poor and mentally ill are being sent to death row much quicker than the rich. Why? Because they cannot afford a good lawyer. They are sent to the court and usually end up with a court appointed attorney, who could usually care less what happens in the case. Most of them also have very little experience in capital cases. Richard Lacayo's article shows that. He says that some cities are trying to change things so that the court appointed attorneys have a little help by setting up public-defender offices. But there are still so many places that rely on the list of local lawyers to draw from for their capital case attorney. (Lacayo, 1992) However, it is very hard to blame attorneys in general. According to the article, an Atlanta private attorney may be being paid $75 an hour, while a court appointed lawyer will make about $30. States like Alabama make it even worse by placing a limit on how much a court appointed

Humanities Paper Essays

Humanities Paper Essays Humanities Paper Essay Humanities Paper Essay Humanistic disciplines is a subject that has so many wide-ranged significance in respects to historical literature and humanistic disciplines. After carry oning much needed research on the subject at manus. the writer will discourse their informational findings in a research paper. In this paper. the writer will specify the significance of humanistic disciplines. discourse a cultural event that has been experienced such as music. dance. theatre. art. literature. etc. The writer will so lucubrate on how a peculiar event was an look of what he/she knew about the humanistic disciplines. art. manner. mastermind. and civilization of the clip period it represents. Finally the writer will explicate how the selected signifier of cultural look comparisons with other signifiers he/she know about from the same clip period. Hopefully after reading this paper. the audience will hold a better cognition about Humanistic disciplines in the Past. Present. and Future. Humanistic disciplines Humanistic disciplines can be really abroad. but one of the significances of humanistic disciplines. harmonizing to the American Heritage Dictionary. is Those subdivisions of cognition. such as doctrine. literature. and art. that are concerned with human idea and civilization ; the broad arts ( American Dictionary. 2000 ) . Culture is a large portion of humanistic disciplines. These forms. traits. and merchandises are considered as the looks of a peculiar period. category. community. or population ( American heritage lexicon. 2000 ) . Humanities has truly helped paved the manner for future enterprises such as the manner we think. behavior ourselves. and the manner we observe things. Choose a cultural event you have experienced. such as music. dance. theatre. art. literature. or others. 3 Specifying the Humanities Paper Turning up in Louisiana. I have had the award and pleasance of sing many cultural events. but I must state my favourite cultural experience would hold to be music. Music is one of the many ways I could get away from the convulsion in the universe. In high school I was in the choir and my favourite instrument at the clip was the piano. I use to take the choir and sometimes. I was able to execute a solo piece while playing my piano. This was a great experience for me because I had an mercantile establishment to show myself without even talking. My high school choir had the award of executing at a nursing place in St. Francisville where there were a batch of vocalists. ex-musicians. and terpsichoreans who were in the choir and performed around Louisiana merely like my school. They truly enjoyed our public presentation and they shared great narratives about the times when they were in high school in the choir. and how music has changed since their yearss of playing music. Explain how your selected event was an look of what you know about the humanistic disciplines. art. manner. mastermind. and civilization of the clip period it represents. I learned so much about the look of humanistic disciplines merely by listening to the older persons talk about their experiences and the different ways they made music. They did non hold the usage of different instruments like we have now back in their twenty-four hours. These persons made music with whatever they had and enjoyed every minute of it. They besides expressed their concerns about the schools extinguishing the music plans. they feel that they are taking art and freedom of expression off from our young person in the schools. Discuss how your selected signifier of cultural look comparisons with other signifiers you know about from the same clip period. 4 Specifying the Humanities Paper By listening to the aged persons at the nursing place it truly gave me some penetration on the cultural look I chose which was Music . It showed me merely by listening to each of them that music was relevant merely every bit much so as it is now. They merely had a different manner of doing music and showing themselves while making so. They made music with cups. pails. washboards. keys. and anything that made some sort of noise. In today’s society. we now have advanced engineering which allows each one of us to hold entree to different instruments. such as the piano. guitar. membranophones. etc. Although the aged persons did non hold entree to the instruments we have today. they still appreciated what they had. Decision In decision. after carry oning research on the subject at manus. the writer discussed their informational findings. The writer defined the significance of humanistic disciplines. discussed a cultural event that was experienced such as music. dance. theatre. art. literature. etc. The writer so elaborated on how a peculiar event was an look of what he/she knew about the humanistic disciplines. art. manner. mastermind. and civilization of the clip period it represents. Finally the writer explained how the selected signifier of cultural look comparisons with other signifiers that he/she knew about from the same clip period. Hopefully after reading this paper. the audience now have a better cognition about Humanistic disciplines in the Past. Present. and Future. 5 Specifying the Humanities Paper Reference World Wide Web. ahdictionary. com/ .

Understanding lab tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding lab tests - Essay Example Every Year nearly 1.5 million individuals in the U.S. suffer a heart attack (Acute Myocardial Infarction) and of these approximately 500,000 die. Ischemic Heart Disease is the principal cause of death in the U.S."This can be achieved by adding cardiac biomarkers in the artillery. ECG is the primary diagnostic tool which is nearly 100% specific but sensitivity is only63-82%. Gold standard of investigation for detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction is CK-MB; Cardiac specific Troponin can be added to this for better results. Coronary artery disease to a major degree is due to atheroma and its complications mainly thrombosis. Elevated LDL cholesterol is the single contributor of atherosclerosis LDLc, gets deposited in subendothilial layer of intima of the artery. This deposited LDLc can be removed from the site by HDL. But when triglycerides increases it is associated with decrease in HDL, this decrease in HDL cannot effectively remove LDL, thus helping atherosclerosis.LDLc as such cannot initiate inflammatory response. It needs to be oxidized, which is .brought about by free oxygen radicals. The rise in oxidized LDL in sub -endothelial layer increases the oxidized LDL in the blood and is a highly sensitive index of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL causes release of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule from endothelial cells. This causes adhesion of monocytes to endothelial layer. Oxidized LDL also causes release of Monocyte Chemo Attractant Protein1 (MCP1) which facilitates entry of monocytes into sub endothelia l tissue. Here they converted into macrophages .They absorb cholesterol to form foam cells. The oxidized LDL also gets absorbed on to the surface receptors of the scavenger cells. These foam cells accumulate beneath the sub -endothelial layer of the arteries to form fatty streaks. The foam cells then liberate some factors which cause migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells; these surround the foam cells and induce formation of collagen. The foam cells eventually die off liberating cholesterol in the cavity. Thus atheroma has a central core of cholesterol with a fibrous cap. http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/cmecircle/2002/2036/figure-2-large.jpg The free oxygen radicals cause endothelial dysfunction by inactivating released nitric oxide and inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis. The endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis since normal endothelium releases nitric oxide which in turn inhibits VCAM. Diabetes, smoking, hyper tension, hyper homocysteinemia and increased LDL cholesterol all contribute to oxidative stress. Thus atherosclerotic artery disease begins with a fatty streak on the blood vessel surface which may enlarge to form fatty plaque. The subsequent narrowing of the arteries may eventually lead to disruption of the plaque and to thrombus formation with further reduction of blood flow, thus paving the way for acute myocardial infarction. Complete obstruction of blood results in myocardial necrosis within 20 minutes with maximum irreversible injury occurring within 6 hours. So the restoration of blood flow to the damaged myocardium within two hours but not later than 6 hours can salvage it. http://labs.ansci.uiuc.edu/meatscience/Library/309%20lipid%20transport.gif http://medtech.hcu.ac.th/pic/lipid.jpg Lipid profile Lipid profile is a group of tests to find out the level of LDL, VLDL, HDL, Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, and T.Cholesterol / HDL ratio. This is used alone or in combination with other risk factors like age, gender, BP, smoking in Framingham score or along with other biomarkers in predicting the risk of a/c Myocardial Infarction. This is a simple blood test .Patient is advised to come on empty stomach

A piece of writing of Graphene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A piece of writing of Graphene - Essay Example The interesting thing about graphene is that it has huge power along with adequate electrical conductivity and elasticity. Graphene is actually a significantly huge aromatic molecule. Graphite can get its crystalline form by combining a number of sheets of graphene together. Graphene is regarded as the most fundamental structural component of a few carbon allotropes. For example, graphene lays the basis of graphite, fullerenes, charcoal, etc. The discovery of graphene has immense significance as various new possibilities of research in the area of physics have opened up. Researches in graphene have also helped in opening up huge scopes of its application in high-tech fields. Graphene is considered to be one of the most potential and adaptable components that have ever discovered in the area of physics. (Geim; 2009; Sakamoto 2009). The production of Graphene: Graphene can be separated from graphite as an isolated plane of carbon atoms. People now know that a minute portion of graphene sheet can be produced by abrading graphite. For example, one can get a tiny piece of graphene sheet when one draws a line on paper with a pencil. (Geim; 2009). During the year of 2008, the production of graphene used to be done by exfoliation. This graphene produced through such exfoliation was considered to be one of the most costly components in this world as this component which so small that can be placed on a tiny portion of the cross section of human hair did costs around as much as $1000 in 2008. Since, 2008, the process of exfoliation has been increased and various companies are now selling graphene in huge amount. Researchers have also discovered cheaper version of graphene (Segal, 2009). For example, Korean researchers have produced cheap graphene through the process of transfer of nickel. Graphene can, in fact, be produced by employing different types of methods. Some of the production processes of graphene are listed below: Producing Graphene through Drawing Method: The drawing method is actually a modified version of exfoliation method. Earlier, in this method, a solid tape was used to repetitively divide crystals of graphite into more thin prices to form graphene. The extremely thin flakes of Graphene then used to be dissolved in liquid acetone and after a few steps they were to be sedimented. Over time, the technique of drawing graphene from graphite has been simplified. Particularly, major modification has been done in the step of disposition. Instead of making graphene floating in acetone, the scientists have started to use the method of dry disposition of flakes. (Geim and Novoselov, 2007) Production through heating silicon carbide: Another popular process of producing graphene is heating silicon carbide at a high temperature in order to reduce it to graphene. In this process silicon carbide is heated at more that 1100 degree centigrade. In this method, the dimension of the graphene produced depends on the dimension of the silicon wafer. The face of the silicon wafer which is utilized for the formation of graphene, has significant capacity to influence the density and the level of mobility of graphene. If graphene is produced using this method, then a number of properties of graphene can clearly be visualized. For example, in the graphene produced through heating silicon carbide a kind of feeble anti-localization of the component can be

Four stages of the learning cycle Essay Example for Free

Four stages of the learning cycle Essay During our final chapter, we discussed the four stages of the learning cycle. The four stages of transformational learning are as follows: recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, then integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into ones’ life pattern. I think that a lot of times people go through life not realizing when they have a problem. Therefore, acknowledging your problem is most definitely the first step in learning from it. When you realize that there is a problem, you must confront the problem head on to find a solution. Once you have found a solution, you need to incorporate it into your life. These four stages are important in any learning experience. The transformational experience that I will use for my example is very personal. I used to be in a very abusive marriage. My marriage was damaging to me as a person, and damaging to my children because it prohibited me from making anything of myself. I would always make excuses for my lack of productivity, stating that I couldn’t do anything with my life because my husband wouldn’t let me. Finally, in 2011, I realized that I was wasting my life. The only thing that my daughter was ever going to learn from me, was how to let someone else run there life and impact her choices. We would never have had a normal life! When I realized what I was doing to myself and to my kids, I knew that I had a significant problem. I confronted the problem, and I was very intense about it. I tried marriage counseling, personal counseling, and biblical counseling. I tried talking with my ex, and I sought advice from many people whom I really believed could help. After exhausting my resources, I knew that the only logical solution was to take my children out of the abusive situation and start from scratch. I chose to go first to the police for help, and then to battered women’s shelter. The women’s shelter helped us to move away and start over. I have now been away from him for a little over two years, and I am in my first healthy relationship. By integrating my new perception, I was able to go farther in the past year than I ever did in all of the years of my former relationship. I am now a business owner, I am in school, and I am getting married to a wonderful man who loves me and my children. My children now get to grow up in a loving family and a healthy environment. I am now able to say with confidence that I am doing my best to be an example for them. This was most definitely a transformational learning experience for me. I think that in my experience the main stage that applied in my life, was the integration stage. It is often easier to recognize a problem, and even to find a solution, than it is to follow through on change. Often times the follow through is not so simple. There were numerous times during that relationship where I knew the problem, and the solution was apparent, however I didn’t believe in myself to integrate the solution it into my life. I believe that truly integrating a new perspective, and changing your assumptions is a very difficult stage to master. I am glad that I was able to make it through that final stage, and to become the person I am today. I still have a long way to go, but I am proud to be so far from who I once was.

Dwarfism Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Dwarfism Although people are different in many ways, few differences are more obvious than dwarfism. Because dwarfism is relatively rare, not many worry about unprejudiced treatment of dwarfs.But dwarfs deal with the same issues as â€Å"normal† people, while also trying to overcome the problems posed by their abnormally small height. The novel Stones from the River makes us aware of these problems and raises questions:What is dwarfism?And how do dwarfs feel about their conditions? And how does people’s treatment of dwarfs affect their outlook on society in general? â€Å"Dwarfism† is a term used to describe the condition of those whose bodies are significantly smaller than the average person’s.A dwarf may suffer from medical problems, which can lead to many deformities and complications throughout life.The deformities of some dwarfs, according to the Little People’s Research Fund website, can lead to extensive disabilities, paralysis, and even death.Over one and a half million people in the United States suffer from some condition of dwarfism (Billy Barty).What many do not know, however, is that most dwarfs are born to families that have no history of dwarfism in their families. There are many different types of dwarfism that researchers have confirmed today, but there still are many genes for dwarfism that remain unidentified.The most common of these known causes is achondroplasia, a bone growth disorder.The Little People Online website states that most dwarfs who suffer from achondroplasia are born to â€Å"average-size† parents, and that their birth rate is somewhere between onein26,000-40,000www.lpaonline.org).The main characteristics of this form of dwarfism are normal trunk size with short appendages, irregularly large heads wi... ...e dealing with her own emotional turmoil over accepting herself for who she is.Trudi, like other dwarfs of the past and present, is forced to accept who she is. Works Cited The Billy Barty Foundation.Online.Internet.10 Oct. 2000.Available:http://www.lprf.org/dwarfism.html DrKoop.com.Online.Internet.Medical Encyclopedia.9 Oct. 2000.Available: http://www.drkoop.com/conditions/ency/article/001247.htm Hegi, Ursula.Stones from the River.New York:Simon & Schuster, 1994. The Human Genome Project.Online.Internet.Personal Experiences.10 Oct. 2000. Available:http://mcet.edu/genome/issuesandethics/personal/dwarfism.html Little People of America, Inc..Online.Internet.10 Oct. 2000.Available: http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_dwarftypes.html Little People’s Research Fund, Inc.Online.Internet.10 Oct. 2000.Available: http://www.lprf.org/dwarfism.html

14 Points Woodrow Wilson

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points On January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson gave a proposal to Congress which outlined the post World War I peace treaty later negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference, and in the Treaty of Versailles. The fourteen points were intended to generate support for Wilson’s vision of the postwar world, both home & also among allies in Europe. The president hoped that the promise of a just peace would be embraced by the populations in enemy nations and generates momentum for ending the war. When comparing Avalon Project ( primary) & History World (secondary) documents for Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, I found that the primary document is the actually proposal. There is nothing creative about it. It is just what Wilson stated. When reading the primary I had no understanding of what was being presented to both houses of Congress. In Wilson perspective it was for the Congress, to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace. As, I read the secondary source document, I fully understood the proposal. The writer generated this version for the people. He shortened and paraphrased it but, I was able to understand the document. Indeed the Avalon Project (primary) version was more information then what was needed because he was presenting it to Congress so it had to be in a certain form & most important professionally presented. That document is more of the original. So it is supposed to be more into details. With the History World (secondary) version the information w

Definition and Examples of Echo Words in English

In linguistics and composition, the term echo word has more than one meaning: An echo word is a word or phrase (such as buzz and cock a doodle doo) that imitates the sound associated with the object or action it refers to: an onomatope. Also called an echoic word.  An echo word is a word or phrase (such as shilly shally and click and clack) that contains two identical or very similar parts: a reduplicative.An echo word is a word or phrase that recurs in a sentence or paragraph. Examples and Observations Sound alone is the basis of a limited number of words, called echoic or onomatopoeic, like bang, burp, splash, tinkle, bobwhite, and cuckoo. Words that are actually imitative of sound, like meow, bowwow, and vroom--though these differ from language to language--can be distinguished from those like bump and flick, which are called symbolic. Symbolic words regularly come in sets that rhyme (bump, lump, clump, hump) or alliterate (flick, flash, flip, flop) and derive their symbolic meaning at least in part from other members of their sound-alike sets. Both imitative and symbolic words frequently show doubling, sometimes with slight variation, as in bowwow, choo-choo, and peewee.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) Repetitions help to echo keywords, to emphasize important ideas or main points, to unify sentences, or to develop  coherence  among sentences. Skillful repetitions of important words or phrases create echoes in the readers mind: they emphasize and point out key ideas. You can use these  echo words  in different sentences--even in different paragraphs--to help hook your ideas together...[E]cho words may  come  any place in the sentence: with the subjects or the verbs, with the objects or the complements, with prepositions or other  parts of speech. You need not always repeat the word exactly; think of other forms the word may take, such as  freak, freakiness, freakishness  (nouns),  freaking  (participle),  freaky  and  freakish  (adjectives), and  freakishly  and  freakily  (adverbs). (Ann Longknife and K. D. Sullivan,  The Art of Styling Sentences, 4th ed. Barrons, 2002) Echo-Pairs   Echo-words are  crucially different from straight reduplicated words in that they have rules sensitive to the reduplicated configuration, detaching melodic elements from the affixal skeleton and replacing them with an invariant onset (McCarthy and Prince 1986, 86). This accounts for the ban on auto-reduplication of echo-words themselves.  Yiddishized English shm-initial words undergoing echo-pairing (such as shmaltz) have to be echo-paired with something else (usuall shp-: shpaltz) or else with nothing (no echo-pair can be formed), but certainly not with a direct repeat (**shmaltz-shmaltz is disallowed). ( Mark R. V. Southern,  Contagious Couplings: Transmission of Expressives in Yiddish Echo Phrases. Praeger, 2005)